Daily time and energy budgets in Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus and Bewick's Swans Cygnus bewickii in the breeding season
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Both Bewick’s and Whooper Swans require little energy during incubation relative to birds in temperate latitutes (1.8 and 1.9*BM, as opposed to 2.5*BM). Whooper Swans expend considerable energy on flying. Their behaviour assists in maintaining them at low energy levels appropriate to the short cold summer and low calorific foods found in their sub-arctic breeding areas.
Article Details
Articles in Wildfowl volumes 1-74 and in Wildfowl Special Issues 1-7 are not licensed under Creative Commons. In these volumes, all rights are reserved to the authors of the articles respectively.
The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (which published the journal from 1948–2020 inclusive) retains a royalty-free license in perpetuity to access and use pre-2021 issues for the purposes of research, which may involve sharing with research partners from time to time.
The copyright for this paper belongs to the Author(s). Papers published in Wildfowl 75 (in 2025) and subsequent issues are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
In the articles published in these volumes, all rights are reserved to the authors of the articles respectively. This implies that readers can download, read, and link to the articles, but they cannot republish the articles. Authors can upload their articles into an institutional repository.