How streamification challenges the Royal Danish Library’s collection of cultural heritage

Authors

  • Andreas Lenander Ægidius Royal Danish Library

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v37i70.122398

Keywords:

streamification, streaming services, video-on-demand (VOD), digital cultural heritage, collection methods, applicatin programming interface (API), DR

Abstract

Danish legal deposit legislation mandates that the Royal Danish Library must collect contemporary culture for the benefi t of the public and researchers, now and in the future. In this article, I analyse how the move toward access models and the subsequent streamifi cation of media content challenges the collection of cultural heritage. I draw on empirical data from two central activities. The main empirical data stems from archival research and interviews with the library’s internal and external stakeholders. Th e second source of empirical data is the in-house testing performed by web curators when they analysed the collection of streaming-only content via an API from the Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR). The analysis is followed by a discussion of the eff ects of streaming software and services on collection methods such as stream-ripping, screen capture (image or video), and research collaborations with the producers and distributors of born-digital content.

References

Aegidius, A. L. (2020). Th e music streaming metaphor and its underlying tangle of transcodes. Popular Communication, 19:1, 42-56, DOI: 10.1080/15405702.2020.1744609

Akamai. (n.d.). Akamai / EdgeAuth-Token-Python. Akamai. Retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://github.com/akamai/EdgeAuth-Token-Python

Andersson Schwarz, J. (2014). Online File Sharing: Innovations in Media Consumption. New York: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203744420

Brügger, N. (2016). Digital humanities in the 21st century: Digital material as a driving force. Digital Humanities Quarterly, 10(3), retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/10/3/000256/000256.html

Burkart, P., & Leijonhufvud, S. (2019). Th e Spotifi cation of public service media. Th e Information Society, 35:4, 173-183, DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2019.1613706

Burroughs, B. (2019). A cultural lineage of streaming. Internet Histories, 3:2, 147-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/24701475.2019.1576425

Castells, M. (2013). Communication Power (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Choy, S. C., Crofts, N., Fisher, R., Choh, N. L., Nickel, S., Oury, C., & Slaska, K. (2016). The UNESCO/PERSIST Guidelines for the selection of digital heritage for long-term preservation. Retrieved May 7th from https://unescopersist.org/2016/03/10/launch-of-the-persist-digital-heritage-selection-guidelines/

Christensen, K. M. (2020). Nu kan du streame DR2+: Her er, hvad du kan forvente. DR. Retrieved Dec. 29th 2020 from https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/kultur/fi lm/nu-kan-du-streame-dr2-her-er-hvad-du-kan-forvente

Clifford, L. (2017). Stewardship in the “Age of Algorithms”. First Monday, 22(12). Retrieved Dec. 29th 2020 from https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i12.8097

Colbjørnsen, T. (2020). Th e streaming network: Conceptualizing distribution economy, technology, and power in streaming media services. Convergence, retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856520966911

DDEX. (2020). Retrieved May 7 2021 from https://ddex.net/

DR. (2019). Medieudviklingen 2019 [Report]. DR. Retrieved May 7th 2021 from https://www.dr.dk/static/documents/2020/02/18/medieudviklingen2019_f1f4fafc.pdf

Eriksson, M., Fleischer, R., Johansson, A., Snickars, P., & Vonderau, P. (2019). Spotify Teardown: Inside the Black Box of Streaming Music. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10932.001.0001

Fleischer, R. (2021). Universal Spotifi cation? Th e shifting meanings of “Spotify” as a model for the media industries. Popular Communication, 19:1, 14-25, DOI: 10.1080/15405702.2020.1744607

Have, I., & Pedersen, B. S. (2020). The audiobook circuit in digital publishing: Voicing the silent revolution. New Media & Society, 22(3), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819863407

Herbert, D., Lotz, A. D., & Marshall, L. (2019). Approaching media industries comparatively: A case study of streaming. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(3), 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877918813245

Holm, R. A. (2014). DR er klar med betaversion af DRTV. Retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/nyheder/dr-er-klar-med-betaversion-af-dr-tv

KB.dk. (n.d.-a). Digital preservation strategy. Royal Danish Library. Retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://www.kb.dk/politikker-og-strategier/det-kgl-biblioteks-strategi-digital-bevaring

KB.dk. (n.d.-b). Strategy. Royal Danish Library. Retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://www.kb.dk/en/about-us/tasks-and-goals/strategy

Kozinets, R. V. (2015). Netnography: Redefi ned (2nd ed.). London: SAGE.

Kulturministeriet (2005, Jun. 13th). Bekendtgørelse om pligtafl evering af off entliggjort materiale. Retrieved May 7th 2021 from https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2005/636

Laursen, D., Brügger, N., & Sandvik, K. (2017). Metoder til indsamling af internetmateriale og deres effekt på senere analyser - med Facebook som eksempel. In K. Drotner & S. M. Iversen (Eds.), Digitale metoder: at skabe, analysere og dele data (pp. 31-49). København: Samfundslitteratur.

Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative Communication Research Methods (3rd ed.). London: SAGE.

Linaa, J. (2017). Udfordringer og muligheder ved at undersøge og sammenligne Facebook og Twitter. In K. Drotner & S. M. Iversen (Eds.), Digitale metoder: at skabe, analysere og dele data (pp. 109-125). København: Samfundslitteratur.

Lobato, R. (2019). Netfl ix Nations: Th e Geography of Digital Distribution. New York, NY: New York University Press.

Lobato, R., & Th omas, J. (2015). Th e Informal Media Economy. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Mandel, C. A. (2019). Can We Do More? An Examination of Potential Roles, Contributors, Incentives, and Frameworks to Sustain Large-Scale Digital Preservation. Council on Library and Information Resources. Retrieved May 6th 2021 from https://www.clir.org/can-we-do-more/

Manovich, L. (2013). Software Takes Command: Extending the Language of New Media. New York, NY: Bloomsbury.

Mediestream. (n.d.). Access for researchers. Th e Royal Danish Library. Retrieved Dec. 28th 2020 from http://www2.statsbiblioteket.dk/mediestream/info/14

Morris, J. W. (2012). Making Music Behave: Metadata and the Digital Music Commodity. New Media & Society, 14(5), 850-866. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444811430645

Netflix. (n.d.). Encoding & quality: Th e best bang for your bytes. Netflix Research. Retrieved Jan. 3rd 2021 from https://research.netflix.com/research-area/video-encoding-and-quality

Potalivo, C. (Producer), & Kirkeskov, J. (Director). (2020). Th e Rain 3. [Tv-series]. Denmark: MisoFilm & Netflix. Royal Danish Library. (2018). Accessionspolitik. Retrieved May 7th 2021 from https://www.kb.dk/om-os/accessionspolitik

Snodgrass, E., & Winnie, S. (2019). API practices and paradigms: Exploring the protocological parameters of APIs as key facilitators of sociotechnical forms of exchange. First Monday, 24(2). Retrieved May 7th 2021 from https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i2.9553

Spilker, H. S., & Colbjørnsen, T. (2020). Th e dimensions of streaming: Toward a typology of an evolving concept. Media, Culture & Society, 42(7-8), 1210-1225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720904587

Spotify. (2020). Spotify developer terms of service. Spotify. Retrieved Dec. 28th. 2020 from https://developer.spotify.com/terms/#vi

Spotify. (n.d.-a). Publications. Spotify Research. Retrieved Jan. 3rd 2021 from https://research.atspotify.com/publication/

Spotify. (n.d.-b). Spotify million playlist dataset challenge. Retrieved Jan. 3rd 2021 from https://www.aicrowd.com/challenges/spotify-million-playlist-dataset-challenge#rules

Sterne, J. (2012). MP3: The Meaning of a Format. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Van der Sar, E. (2017, Jan. 4th). YouTube-MP3 settles with RIAA, site will shut down. Torrentfreak.com. Retrieved Jan. 4th 2021 from https://torrentfreak.com/youtube-mp3-settles-with-riaa-site-will-shut-down-170904/

Vestergaard, V. (2017). Datagenerering med API fra sociale netværksplatforme. In K. Drotner & S. M. Iversen (Eds.), Digitale metoder: at skabe, analysere og dele data (pp. 51-67). København: Samfundslitteratur.

Williams, R. (1975). Television: Technology and Cultural Form. New York, NY: Schocken Books.

Åkerlund, J. (Director). (2019). Polar. [Online movie]. Th e United States: Netflix.

Downloads

Published

2021-06-22

How to Cite

Ægidius, A. L. (2021). How streamification challenges the Royal Danish Library’s collection of cultural heritage. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 37(70), 091–109. https://doi.org/10.7146/mediekultur.v37i70.122398